在托福词汇题和阅读文章里，频繁出现各种长句子，众多的连词出现让有的考生断句困难，分析句子的重心和作者的意图也变得朴素迷离。其实，掌握了高中语法的三大类复合句和非谓语动词，加上高中三年大量的词汇积累，完全可以让考生拿到高分，实现自己的出国梦。
今日，小柏仅以部分托福的阅读文章里出现过的带有that的复合句来一个小结，谈谈——that在托福句子中的作用和功能
1.But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
但是司机有责任确保14岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。
宾语从句，类似make sure，feel sure等，后面的that引导出宾语从句。
如：She felt sure that last Monday she’d made the right decision.
2.Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
注意你如果不这么做（系安全带）的话，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被处以罚款除非你能证明你有不带安全带的理由。
that 从句作prove的宾语。
3. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.
研究结果表明在农村的人大脑收缩基本上比城市里的人要早。
that作show的宾语从句。
4. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.
我们知道你们很看重你们在大学里面教育的学习方法，而且我们的年轻人与你们生活的花费即使对于你们来说也不便宜。
that作know的宾语从句，and连接两个从句时，后面的that不能省略。
5. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.
但是你们也要明白不同的民族看待事物有不同的方法，所以如果刚好我们的看法与你们的不一样的话，你们也不应觉得被冒犯了。
同上。
6. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.
在这个像是计算机史前时代的时代，地球的战后时代，人们普遍担忧有一天计算机会取代人类控制世界。
what引导出的从句作in的宾语，that引导的从句作concern的同位语。
7. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.
当铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报光缆的时候，出于商业动机，人们第一次不得不回答这个问题“海底是什么东西”。
that引导的从句作The first time 的同位语。
8. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
我们也很看重个人品德和社交技能，我们发现混合能力的教育对学习的各个方面都有帮助。
that作find 的宾语从句。
9. Given the natureof government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.
根据政府和私人雇主的性质来看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧视。
that引导的从句作主语从句，it 是形式主语。
10.Mathematicians who have tried to use thecomputers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.
使用计算机来拷贝大脑工作方式的数学家们发现即使使用最先进的电子设备，他们也要建造一台超过10，000公斤的计算机。
that作found 的宾语从句。
11. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.
他们知道在冰面下面游泳的海豹呼吸的热气会使冰面上出现洞口，于是他们就在洞旁守侯并捕杀海豹。
宾语从句。
12. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.
只要一个人没有属于其他人种的明显的特征，我们就可以判断他是否属于白色人种。
that作features的同位语从句。
13. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.
并不是与独立理论不一致，而是与其应用不相符合：爱情小说可以以任何一种形式展现或者根本没有特殊的规律，他们没有累积效果，就象现代小说家的作品一样独立。
that引导的主语从句，句首的It是形式主语。
14.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
加特曼确凿地说明黑人家庭的稳定鼓励了黑人文化遗产的传递和维护，这些遗产包括从一代传到另一代的民间传说，音乐，和宗教表述，这些遗产使非洲和美洲的奴隶们特色显著。
第一个that作argue的宾语从句；第二个that作heritage的同位语从句。
15. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.
有几项措施可以采取，其中主要的是要所有宣布以保护动物利益为目标的组织都明确宣布他们对于人类所受到的暴力袭击表决坚定的立场。
第一个that作steps的定语从句，第二个that作demand的同位语从句。
16. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
用其他方式来展示神经类型的细微差别也是可能的，然而，要证明脉冲质量和传导受到这些差别的影响还缺乏证据，看起来这些差别影响的是神经单元的发展形成方式。
that作proof的同位语从句。
17. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.
根据这一理论，不是由感觉神经脉冲的质量来决定他们产生的各种神经感觉的，而是由他们被发射到大脑的哪一部位来决定的，对这一观点是有证据的。
that在句中和it is 一起构成了强调句。
18. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.
在英国进行的一项调查证实经常接受X光照射的脊椎关节炎患者癌症的百分比高得不正常。
that作confirmed的宾语从句。
19. The achievements of the colonial artists，particularly those of Copley，West, and Peale，lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste——a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic．
The achievements…lent credence to the boast that…and that…为句子主干，两个that引导的两个从句都作boast的同位语
这些殖民地艺术家的成就，尤其是考伯莱、韦斯特和皮尔的成就，为新国家有能力鼓励天才以及政治自由与艺术品味的发展相一致的宣言提供了凭证——这是艺术在新的共和国里担当重要角色之前所必须经历的一步。
解析：
词汇：
credence 信用，凭证 lend/give credence to 为/给……提供凭证
boast 自夸，此处译为“宣言”， great boast, small toast （谚）说得多，做得少
congenial 志趣相投的，同性质的 be congenial to 对……志趣相投
assume an important role in 在……中担当重要角色
20. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.”
尽管领袖常被人认为是个人能力非比寻常的人，但是数十年的研究迄今未能提供一致的证据表明存在任何“天然领袖”类型。
同位语从句evidence that…
